Abstract
The question that orients this collection of essays is about the difficulty today of giving a sense to what is called "history." Current discussions about and research into the meaning of history in the last decades confirm an epistemological substitution: the substitution of history by memory. This substitution has many aspects. Places, works and politics of memory aim to respond and, to a certain extent, to correct the injuries and harms of history: the injuries and harms of colonization and exploitation, of persecution and annihilation, of crimes against humanity and against nature.